Critical and creative thinking
|
Thinking dispositions
The following theorists have written books and articles on thinking. Several of them have also been involved in Project zero which was about making thinking visible. Tishman, Perkins and Jay's book on "The Thinking classroom: Learning and Teaching in a Culture of Thinking" looks at thinking as a disposition. Tishman has also coauthored an article " Teaching Thinking Dispositions: From Transmission to Enculturation". Ritchhart, Church and Morrison have written about making thinking visible. The Visible Thinking website has both research and an approach for use in schools. Habits and frames of mind
Howard Gardner developed the Multiple Intelligencies. Mi Oasis - gives access to a Multiple Intelligences website. Costa and Kallick identified 16 Habits of Mind or knowing how to behave when confronted with problems. Access to further information can be found on this website. Edward de Bono is an advocate of teaching thinking as a subject in schools. His Six Thinking Hats are an example of lateral thinking. Access to the official website can be found at: de Bono for schools |
Taxonomies of skills
Use of these skills ensures that students are engaging in the inquiry process and transforming their learning. Theorists include: Benjamin Bloom, and Anderson and Krathwohl who have taken Bloom's original taxonomy and changed some of the language to reflect 21st Century learning. Websites: Bloom’s and ICT tools Padagogy Wheel V3.0 Revised Bloom's - resource - posters Several articles on Bloom's Taxonomy including one written by David Krathwohl called "A revision of Bloom's Taxonomy: an Overview" can be accessed here. Thinking strategies Marzano, Pickering and Pollock have written a book on "Classroom Instructions that work". Marzano has posed a new Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Philosophical inquiry The two major elements of Matthew Lipman, Ann Margaret Sharp, and Frederick S. Oscanyan's philosophical inquiry are critical and creative thinking. The main point that they make is that the classroom should be converted into a community of inquiry, and that this can be done with children. |
References to specific tools, activities and structures are suggestions only. The different tools can be adapted for use in any of the elements.